Physical Properties of Ductile Iron and Alternative Materials
EMJ sells Dura-Bar brand 65-45-12 ductile iron, which is good for making electromagnets.
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Physical Properties of Ductile Iron and Alternative Materials |
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|
Property |
Unit |
Ductile Iron |
0.3% C |
Malleable Iron |
Gray |
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|
120-90-02 |
100-70-03 |
80-55-06 |
65-45-12 |
60-40-18 |
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| Solidus Temperature |
F |
2,100 |
2,100 |
2,100 |
2,100 |
2,100 |
2,650 |
2,050 |
2,140 |
| Specific Gravity |
lb/in |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.25 |
0.283 |
0.265 |
0.25 |
| Mean Linear Thermal Expansion |
F- |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
7.0 |
6.7 |
5.8 |
| Vibration Damping |
- |
Good |
Good |
Good |
Good |
Very Good |
Poor |
Good |
Excellent |
| Heat of Fusion |
BTU/lb |
55 |
55 |
55 |
55 |
55 |
108 |
55 |
55 |
| Specific Heat |
BTU/lb/F |
0.15 |
0.15 |
0.14 |
0.13 |
0.13 |
0.11 |
0.12 |
0.13 |
| Thermal Conductivity (near room temperature) |
Cal/cmsec C |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
0.11 |
0.14 |
0.11 |
|
Magnetic Properties |
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| Maximum Permeability at 5,000 Gauss |
Oersted |
290 |
290 |
570 |
2,100 |
2,100 |
- |
2,350 |
800 |
| Saturation Induction at 10,000 Oersted |
Gauss |
- |
- |
17,600 |
18,000 |
18,000 |
- |
- |
16,000 |
| Hysteresis Loss |
Erg/cm/cycle |
- |
30 |
30 |
5 |
5 |
100 |
20 |
30 |
|
Mechanical Properties |
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| Proof Stress |
psi |
(0.62 to 0.75) x Ultimate Tensile Strength |
30,500 |
(0.65-0.8) |
- |
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| Modulus of Elasticity in Tension |
psi x 10 to the 6th |
25.7 |
25.7 |
25.2 |
23.8 |
23.8 |
30.5 |
25 |
18.3 |
| Torsional Strength |
psi |
108,000 |
90,000 |
72,000 |
58,000 |
50,000 |
- |
34,000 |
60,000 |
| Modulus of Rigidity |
psi x 10 to the 6th |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.3 |
9.1 |
11.4 |
11 |
7.1 |
* A medium-high strength gray iron was selected for comparison purposes.
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Short Summary of Ductile Iron Specifications |
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|
Specifying Body |
Spec. No. |
Class or Grade |
Min. Tensile psi |
Min. |
% Elongation |
Heat Treatment |
Other Requirements |
Uses |
Typical Applications |
|
ASTM |
A536-80 |
60-40-18 |
60,000 |
40,000 |
18 |
May be Annealed |
In all grades in this specification chemical composition is subordinate to mechanical properties. However, the content of any element may be specified by mutual agreement. | For maximum shock resistant parts to be used at sub-zero temperatures. | Pressure-containing castings such as valve and pump bodies. |
|
ASTM |
A536-80 |
65-45-12 |
65,000 |
45,000 |
12 |
- |
Most widely used grade for normal service. | Machinery castings subject to shock and fatigue loading. | |
|
ASTM |
A536-80 |
80-50-06 |
80,000 |
55,000 |
6 |
- |
Suitable for flame and induction hardening. | Crankshafts, gears and rollers. | |
|
ASTM |
A536-80 |
100-70-03 |
100,000 |
70,000 |
3 |
Usually Normalized |
Best combination of strength, wear resistance and response to surface hardening. | High strength gears, automotive and machine components. | |
|
ASTM |
A536-80 |
120-90-02 |
120,000 |
90,000 |
2 |
Quenched and Tempered |
Maximum strength and wear resistance. | Pinions, gears, rollers and slides. | |
| Short Summary of Austenitic Ductile Iron Specifications | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Specifying Body |
Spec. No. |
Class or Grade |
Min. Tensile psi |
Min. Yield psi |
% Elongation |
Heat Treatment |
Chemical Analysis and Hardness |
Typical Applications |
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|
% T.C. |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
BHN |
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| ASTM | A439-84 |
D-2 |
58,000 |
30,000 |
8 |
Min. |
1.50 |
0.70 |
18.00 |
1.75 |
139 |
Valve stem bushings, valve and pump bodies in petroleum, salt water and caustic service, manifolds, turbocharger housings, air compressor parts. | |||
|
Max. |
3.00 |
3.00 |
1.25 |
0.08 |
22.00 |
2.75 |
202 |
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|
D-2B |
58,000 |
30,000 |
7 |
Min. |
1.50 |
0.70 |
18.00 |
2.75 |
148 |
Turbocharger housings, rolls. | |||||
|
Max. |
3.00 |
3.00 |
1.25 |
0.08 |
22.00 |
4.00 |
211 |
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|
D2-C |
58,000 |
28,000 |
20 |
Min. |
1.00 | 1.80 | 21.00 |
121 |
Electrode guide rings, steam turbine dubbing rings. | ||||||
|
Max. |
2.90 |
3.00 |
2.40 |
0.08 |
24.00 |
0.50 |
171 |
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|
D-3 |
55,000 |
30,000 |
6 |
Min. |
1.00 |
28.00 |
2.50 |
139 |
Turbocharger nozzles and housings, steam turbine diaphragms, gas compressor diffusers. | ||||||
|
Max. |
2.60 |
2.80 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
32.00 |
3.50 |
202 |
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|
D-3A |
55,000 |
30,000 |
10 |
Min. |
1.00 |
28.00 |
1.00 |
131 |
High temperature bearing rings requiring resistance to galling. | ||||||
|
Max. |
2.60 |
2.80 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
32.00 |
1.50 |
193 |
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|
D-4 |
60,000 |
Min. |
5.00 |
28.00 |
4.50 |
202 |
Diesel engine manifolds, manifold joints. | ||||||||
|
Max. |
.60 |
6.00 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
32.00 |
5.50 |
273 |
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|
D-5 |
55,000 |
30,000 |
20 |
Min. |
1.00 |
34.00 |
131 |
Guidance system housings, gas turbine shroud rings, glass rolls. | |||||||
|
Max. |
2.40 |
2.80 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
36.00 |
0.10 |
185 |
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|
D-5B |
55,000 |
30,000 |
6 |
Min. |
1.00 |
34.00 |
2.00 |
139 |
Optical system mirrors and parts for dimensional stability, stators for compressors. | ||||||
|
Max. |
2.40 |
2.80 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
36.00 |
3.00 |
193 |
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|
D-5S |
65,000 |
30,000 |
10 |
Min. |
4.90 |
34.00 |
1.75 |
131 |
Manifolds, turbine housings, turbochargers where high temperatures and severe thermal cycling occur. | ||||||
|
Max. |
2.30 |
5.50 |
1.00 |
0.08 |
37.00 |
2.25 |
193 |
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|
ASTM |
A571-71 (1976) |
D-2M |
65,000 |
30,000 |
30 |
Annealed |
Min. |
2.20 |
1.50 |
3.75 |
21.00 |
121 |
Compressors, expanders
pumps and other pressure- containing parts requiring a stable austenitic matrix at minus 423F (-234C) |
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|
ASME |
SA571 |
Max. |
2.70 |
2.50 |
4.50 |
0.08 |
24.00 |
0.20 |
171 |
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| Short Summary of ASTM Specification A897-90 / A897M-90 For Austempered Ductile Iron |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grade | Min. Tensile Strength |
Min. Yield Strength |
Elongation Percent | Impact Energy* | Hardness BHN** | |||
|
MPa |
Ksi |
MPa |
Ksi |
Joules |
Ft-lb |
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|
125/80/10 |
125 |
80 |
10 |
75 |
269-321 |
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|
850/550/10 |
850 |
550 |
10 |
100 |
269-321 |
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|
150/100/7 |
150 |
100 |
7 |
60 |
302-363 |
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|
1050/700/7 |
1050 |
700 |
7 |
80 |
302-363 |
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|
175/125/4 |
175 |
125 |
4 |
45 |
341-444 |
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|
1200/850/4 |
1200 |
850 |
4 |
60 |
341-444 |
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|
200/155/1 |
200 |
155 |
1 |
25 |
388-477 |
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|
1400/1100/1 |
1400 |
1100 |
1 |
35 |
388-477 |
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|
230/185/- |
230 |
185 |
*** |
*** |
444-555 |
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|
1600/1300/- |
1600 |
1300 |
*** |
*** |
444-555 |
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* Values obtained using un-notched Charpy bars tested at
72° F (2° C). The values in the table are the
average of the three highest of four tested samples.
** Hardness is not a mandatory specification and is shown for information
only.
*** Elongation and impact specifications are not required.
